October 26, 2011
Chapter 6 commonly used methods and techniques (on) (a) the meaning of a word
Section 1, extension and appraise < br />
1.
English of selected lexical with the Chinese, the phenomenon of polysemy. Therefore, during the Translation from English, the translator must understand the structure of English sentences, select the keywords best meaning. This method is called the selected lexical. It must be noted, meaning in the election, we should first determine the assigned parts of speech, so as to ensure the original unchanged. Such as:
(a) The actor knows his lines. (The “lines The” no “line” interpretation, but translated as “lines” is more appropriate).
(b) Mother is with her children. firm (“firm” translated into “firm” only faithful to the form, should be translated into “strict” or “severe”).
. c. Have you the read any as humor recently? Recently, you read what humor works?
d. Every life has its roses and thrones. (“roses and thrones” here translated as “sweet and bitter is best).
2. Change the lexical
this method of translation, the translator often depending on the context of coherent meaning, select the more agreeable to the meaning of the above, the context can mean a complete, will not digress phenomenon. This translation appeared more in the dialogue. Such as:
a .. – The flower girl says: “Will you pay me for them?
– The boys answers: “Do nothing of the the sort, mother.”
flower girl asked: “Are you willing to pay?”
The boy replied: “loss of her thinking” or “She wanted to touch a”.
If the “Do nothing of the sort” translated as: “Do not do such a thing”, it will make the reader baffled.
b. Sam knows he can depend on his family, rain or shine. Sam know that no matter the situation, he can be home to fall back on.
(rain or shine “can not be translated as” rain or fine weather “).
c. Soon, got, soon gone. easier to go fast. (Saying)
(d) Easy come, easy go easy too volatile.
3. Add lexical
this approach is the translation sense, rhetoric, and syntax on the need to increase although their words and their meaning dictionary to be more faithful and fluent expression of the ideological content of the original. This method is to add the word without meaning. :
– The son: How much did you suffer? “- The old the man:” the Plenty. “
Children:” Do you eat much pain? the elderly: a long story “
” plenty “is not translated as” many “, but translated as” long story “better.
b-The mother:” I l be there to cheer you. “-The son:” It a promise.
mother: “I will be present to congratulate the children:” Speak arithmetic “or” whiz ”
c. As he sat down and began talking, words poured out. he sit down and talk for the dozen.
d. I like Chinese food Lots of people do these days, sort of fashion. I like Chinese food. now many people like. this case, sort of fashion!
(e) He has been pursued, day by day and year by year, by a most phenomenal a astonishing luckiness. day after day, year after year, he has been lucky high build-free and on the ratio. This is really amazing.
4. less lexical
less lexical and Amplification On the contrary, translation, some of the words in the original sentence is not translated, or deletions although the word without the word of its meaning, so that translation clearer, more concise.
(a) There was no snow, the leaves were gone from the trees if the grass was dead. days without rain, the leaves were gone from the trees, the grass was dead.
< br /> (this sentence into the days without snow, but the leaves falling from the trees, the grass withered, “far better than before a translation condensed the purification).
b. Poisons of opposing qualities are said, in ancient books of medicine, to have the power of counteracting each other. ancient medical books, poison to attack poison.
(translated “offset the power of the contrary nature of the poison” it is long-winded).
c. If winter comes, can spring be the far behind? winter comes, can spring be far behind?
(d) University applicants who had worked at a job would the receive preference over those who had not. University applicants who have work experience is preferred.
e Keep your mouth shut and your ear the open. listen more and speak less. < br />
5. points syntax
translation of English sentences, the original sentence structure intact, preserved or do a little
modification the original sentence structure can make large changes in the translation. the latter is called sub-syntax such as:
(a) They, not surprisingly, did not respond at all, they are not reply, it is not surprising.
b. Dressing Empire in seductive the colors and calling it the Commonwealth can not alter the facts. Anyway dressed to the empire posing as whitewash, can not change the facts.
c. Their power increased with their number. they increased the number, strength, along with enhanced
6. co syntax
co syntax and sub-syntactic as a translation method to change the original sentence structure. It refers to the original or two or more simple sentences or complex sentences to express a single sentence in the translation used.
a at The time is 10:30 pm, and traffic on the street is light. half past ten, when the street the traffic is less.
b. the Sink or swim, live or die, survive or perish regardless of ups and downs ups and downs, regardless of life and death.
c. There are men here from all over the country. Many of them are from the south. from all over the country among many southerners. < br />
(d) He was very clear His mind was the open. He was simple and frank.
anti translation
English few words and sentences in form does not negate the meaning, but its semantics are negative, or form in the negative, but the semantics is certain in the translation, the positive expression of words or sentences negative to express, or negative expression of words or sentences translation into a positive meaning, this method is called the anti-translation.
(a) There was an electric the button from which no mortal hand could coax, a ring. only angels to make bell sound up.
b. He was an indecisive sort of the person and always capricious. his indecisive and always capricious.
c. This problem is optional – only 0-9 and, accepted. Eg me I can not solve this problem.
d. We may safely say so we can not so wrong.
e. Such a chance was denied me, I did not get such an opportunity.
8. deepen the law and shallow law
in the translation of some English sentences, starting from the inner meaning of the original sentence word in context habits, and the expression of Chinese words on some of the original semantic adjustment, while not directly translate literally. this be extended translation method according to the context and the target language expression habits called
< br /> deepen or light law. deepening method for change is generally a special shallow method is to change the special general such as:
a. Those who did not remember the past are condemned to it relieve besides room temperature. forget the past will repeat the same mistakes.
(b) He who will not learn when he is young, will regret when he is old. little time to learn the old regret (saying)
c. But there were overwhelmed at the last. they eventually outnumbered and defeated.
d An apple a day keeps the doctor away. day one of the Big Apple, be sure Paul you do not get angry
e. In marrying this girl, he married a bit more than he could chew. marriage with this girl, he was a bit too much. (superficial Act)
< br /> 9. down translation
Translation from English, and sometimes will be taken down translation means to make the text more in line with the Chinese habit.:
I shall have it where I want her. I want it to east, it did not dare to west.
Of course, during the daily Ying Yihan, not all English sentences must be in accordance with the translation of the above described method can be translated into Chinese, and some sentences really can not be translated by the rules. Therefore, as long as the translator is refined, popular and straightforward translation of the original authentic, you can say is a success.
Section 2 The Conversion translation (a) Unit Test I
parts of speech conversion is a common technique in the translation.
Chinese and English language vocabulary in the two grammatical categories (such as verbs, nouns, adjectives, etc.) is roughly the same, but due to the particularity of the two languages, English-Chinese differences in the use of the vocabulary is very large, has its own uniqueness. Therefore, the translation is always translated noun to noun, verb translated corresponding verb part of speech is not only impossible, but extremely harmful. Translation process of the parts of speech conversion will be inevitable. Business English Translation is the conversion does not convert, asked to read it will feel stiff awkward as a translation of the word skills. Word Conversion often indeed affect the whole effect. In fact, many types of parts of speech translation, the English translation of Commerce, the most common is mutual translation between nouns, prepositions, adjectives and verbs. < br />
, nouns and verbs mutual translation
commonly used terms to express the concept expressed by the Chinese used the verb (such as the abstract behavior of the term), and the verbs of the type of situation is very obvious , in addition to English inflections, many verb endings with suffixes such as-ment, – - tion, – ance, – er, – or, etc., can be turned into nouns. In contrast, Chinese was dominant with a verb and a sentence not limited to the use of a verb, a few verbs. Translation from English many nouns can be translated into Chinese verb; Chinese to English, the verb is often translated into the term (or preposition noun).
English abstract action meaning of the term moon and the verb, Translation, such as
If the translator is not very strong English skills, it is difficult to properly use this class of words to translate the possibility of the English verb, for example:
And in a best – selling book, Lester, Thurowtold us that America, would soon be going head tohead with of a Germanled the ruggle of Europe in the st s, forworld market. Leicester? Thurlow assert in one of his best-selling book, The United States will soon be with the German-led Europe evenly matched to compete in the international market.
original “st ruggle” as a preposition “in” the object, but the Chinese translation directly translate it into the verb “to compete more directly, more vividly than the original.
sometimes in Translation from English, such nouns into verbs, easier to handle. For example:
Early hopes that the Eastern the Germany couldstage an economic miracle like that of West Germanyin the 1950s and 0s have faded. unified at the beginning expect to East Germany to a repeat of West Germany, fifty or sixty years the enthusiasm of the economic miracle has long been toned down.
This example illustrates the unified early in the east and west Germany, people eager to East Germany economy will rapidly rise, but over time, people no longer illusions as strongly as this original “hope” in the plural, but the Chinese do not have a number of changes, such as the original “hope” into a noun, the first Chinese verb does not match, we usually do not speak “I hope to play down the , followed by the original plural form is hard to deal with but “hope” into a verb, behind and then add the word “enthusiasm” to reflect the expectations of the original, the translation is more natural.
Meanwhile, the Chinese translation , such as the proper English when the verb into a noun, then make the English translation of more natural, more concise. example:
an increase in transactions, the currency in circulation also increased. Anincrease in business requires an increase in the amountof money. coming into general circulation.
original Communist China with four verbs, but asked only to use a verb and a word, so that the translation is more compact, concise
– a (e) nce, – - tion, – ment and other affixes constitute the noun from the verb plus 6 is often translated into a verb. For example:
(1) Liberalization of international economic system was widely perceived as a way to avoid recurrenceof a similar calamity. widely believe that to avoid similar disasters weight was a way to relax the international economic system.
(2) Resistance to market opening is basically apower play by leaders of indust ry. resist opening up the market is basically a trial of strength of the industry leaders.
“recurrence” and “resistance” in the two cases were translated into Chinese verb “suffer” and “resist” the “recurrence of asimilar calamity” is actually a tightening of the main predicate sentence, “avoid” with the mutual translation of v – ing object.
Second, prepositions and verbs
English prepositions in English is very important kind of “function words (functional words), used for table
show grammatical relationships between words, composed of some grammatical structure of English prepositions not only the number (over 280), and flexible with other parts of speech (noun, pronoun, gerund, the clause can be their object and individual prepositions with adjectives), the meaning of vocabulary rich Chinese prepositions mostly empty come from the verb, and many of the preposition is still both a verb part of speech, Chinese to English, 6 should keep in mind the difference between the two, to be dealt with properly. For example, in “in the classroom” sentence “is a verb, translated into English, the word” verb prepositional phrase “of this structure, translated He is in. the classroom. In addition, the reason why the English preposition has a wealth of the meaning of vocabulary them with different, its significance is not the same, and can express the meaning of common verbs to express Chinese Translation process, the two languages, prepositions and verbs often with each other translation. for illustrate this point, please see the following example:
(1) We should advise you to get in touch withthem s, for your requirement. suggest that you contact them, negotiated to purchase the needed commodities.
Section III The Conversion translation (b)
three, adjectives and verbs to each other translation
sometimes, adjectives can also be translated into a verb, for example: < br />
And we would recommend subsidies (1), consistent with the GATT, only for a demonst rably competitiveindust ry, whose product s are used in a variety of manufactured goods. we recommend carrying out subsidies to comply with GATT the provisions of the General Agreement, and is limited to the obvious competitive products are used in processing all kinds of manufactured goods industries.
(2) The export t – rade is subject to many risks.Ships my sink or consignment s be damaged in t ransit, exchange rates may alter, buyers default of government s suddenly impose an embargo. export trade often encounter a number of risks such as ship might sink, the goods may be damaged in transit, foreign exchange rates may change , the buyer is likely to default, or the government suddenly announced that the embargo.
Translation process, parts of speech translation is an extremely common phenomenon above is just a brief introduction to one of the more prominent ones. As a beginner should be to strengthen the English and Chinese self-cultivation, in order to live, translation translation well.
four, need to pay attention to the English translation
1) special word
Although we can put some words is called “Business English vocabulary, but most of the” Business English “is simply the use of English in business context of fact, every industry, and even each company, each department will have their own specific use of “jargon”, Business English vocabulary may wish to as a “business English jargon (English the Technical Terms in Business)” For example:
in-tray means the container used to hold received documents on the desk, the Chinese translation for “in-basket”. for in full bloom will be sent out document container called the out-tray (Posting basket). back log, and the means
is scheduled but not yet sent out a backlog of material stored in the warehouse. overheads, the company day-to-day expenses, such as electricity, stationery, car oil, etc. unsocial hours, refers to the time of conflict and social activities, that is, “overtime” flexible system “flexible working system”, refers to a
features the flexibility to determine the working hours of work system flexible working hours and called flexiband concentrate on working hours (eg 10:00 – 15:00) is called the core time living out of a suit case, and often a business trip. make at five clerks kept in redundant, lay off five. health food, health care products (not the “green food”).
international trade, economic, financial and other international business activities are constantly changing, we must pay close attention to and understanding of these changes and dynamic, accessible via the Internet , television, broadcast economic and financial programs, as well as newspapers and magazines for business information, to understand the new vocabulary. should always read the English trade article from China Daily (China Daily), Beijing Review (Beijing Review), and other newspapers can learn the opening up and reform appears some new English words such as “accelerate the pace of modernization” Quicken the modernization drive, “the principle of anti-dumping anti-dumping code. the only way to real business English school” live “applying their knowledge and service economy and social
2) Neologism
some words we might have learned, but in the business environment, which means different and must be treated as a new word to learn . literature, old justice “literature”, the new justice, “a text promotional information”, such as product instructions (instruction in), Catalog (product catalog), price list (price the list) and so on. claim, the old justice “requirement, the claim”, a new justice outstanding claims. “reference, the old justice” reference “new justice” Guarantor, to prove the people. “outstanding account, the old justice” … “new justice” due not pay the extend my rang, the old justice “range” , new meanings “in order to expand the debit note, the borrower notice (the seller informed the buyer to correct the financial mistakes, make up the money to each other,” debit “.) credit note loan notice (due to the sale of human error, overcharged amount , or the return of the buyer “credit”, to reduce accounts receivable).
3) the same meanings, synonyms, similar words Discrimination
in international business activities, the same meanings, synonyms, similar words confusion and be misleading. such as: cargo, goods, freight, commodity subtle difference. cargo vehicles, ships, aircraft, cargo carried in a narrower meaning; goods refers to goods the general term , refers to; freight usually refers to water transport goods, American English refers to land, water, air cargo; commodity, formal, refers to goods, such as the commodity of economy (commodity economy). Another example: order, means, the foreign trade order; indent refers to the foreign trade orders. Again, the affiliated company, subsidiary, branch are the company: affiliated company (American English) is equivalent to the associate company (British English) is independent of p30 School Boy learning on the legal and economic it is primarily not by the holders of shares to exercise control over the company owned by the Subsidiary subsidiaries, daughter companies, its shares more than half of another company (holding
company holding company), is legally independent, but its activities are governed by the parent company strictly control
system. the branch branch, does not have legal status, the economy is not independent.
4) sentence patterns
view of the main function of the Business English is an accurate flow of economic information, rather than in order to achieve the aesthetic effect
should appreciate the effect, so the language is relatively straightforward, declarative sentences and more, use less modifier. without flowery language to do attribute some of the sentence is established by usage, not easily change must be accumulated to bear in mind such as:
Web hereby confirm … We confirm … Enclosed please find … Please find enclosed … Please check … I can not share your view on that. this respect, I beg to differ. We will be forced to take legal the action …. We had to resort to the law. As you will see from my enclosed CV, I … from the attached my resume, you can be informed that I …… 5) International Business English documents and charts.
(a) documents: quotations Quotation Order Form Order Forms, a contract for the sale contract, letter of credit Letter of Credit the L / C and bill of lading Bill of Lading B, / L, and the aviation bill of lading Airway Bill, Packing List packing the List, the shipping notice Advice of Shipment and insurance Insurance the Policy, the commercial invoice Commercial the Invoice
(b) Figure: the bargraph Bar Chart, pie chart, Pie Chart, flow chart Flow Chart, graph Graph, organization tree diagram Organization Chart, classification tree in Figure Classification Chart, Business Map of Business, Purpose , pictograms Pictograph Shipping marks Shipping Mark, and
(c) Table: list the Table, price list Price List, the schedule for the Agenda, the balance sheet Balance Sheet, profit and loss statement Statement of the Profit and Loss, Income Statement Income the Statement.
Section IV Amplification (a) / Section V Amplification (b)
so-called Amplification is the translation (or rhetorical) sense and syntax on the need to increase the number of words in a more faithful and fluent expression of the ideological content of the original purpose is to use the the Amplification translation skills in order to be more accurate, fluent and complete expression of the contents of the original course can not be fabricated are free to increase the word, but to add some words although their words and their meaning in the original.
both English and Chinese languages, different expressions, some words in English can be omitted without affecting the complete expression of the sentence meaning, translated into Chinese after the meaning is not clear enough or not enough fluent sentences; some words in the English original, clear and complete, but later translated into Chinese not fluent in this case, you need to use increasing lexical translation skills.
http://www.sunnygps.cn original omitted some
(a) addition of the answer sentence omit the word
Do you like sport?, I do.
Do you like sports? Yes, I like sports .
Shall I bring you a dictionary or an encyclopedia? Both, please.
bring you a dictionary or with an encyclopedia? Please put both bring.
Are you tired? Not very
you tired? not too tired.
(b) is added to the coordinate structure omitted the word
We do not retreat, we never have and never will.
We do not retreat, we have not been back over, and will never back. (we never have and never will = we never have retreated and never will retreat)
A fool and his words are soon parted; a man of genius and his money.
fool would soon forget the remark, the wise man will soon give up his money. (a man of genius and his money = a man of genius and his money are soon parted)
Reading makes a full man ; conference a ready man; writing an exact man.
Reading makes a full discussion, witty, and writing an exact man.
(c) addition of said logical relationship the equilibrium structure of the word
Sometimes the English original and does not express the logical relationship between words, but according to the above can determine its implicit logical relationship, such as assumptions, concessions, a causal relationship in the translation be supplemented when appropriate.
Without a sense of your fault, how can repentance and amendment be expected?
If you can not recognize own mistakes, how can we expect you will repent?
Suppose the preparatory work should not be completed.
assume the preparatory work will not be completed, then how to do?
Since air has weight, it exerts force on any object immersed in it.
because air has weight, so at any object in the air by the air force
students should learn from the teachers and vice versa.
students should think of the teacher learning, teacher to student learning.
two, increasing the need for meaning or rhetorical part
1. increase verb
according to the specific meaning of the context, often need a translator in some nouns and verbs before or after the increase in verbs, in order to make the translation of the meaning is clear complete, read more fluent and natural, in line with the Chinese habit.
He dismissed the meeting without a closing speech.
his closing remarks, announced the end of the meeting.
He spoke of the success of the negotiation.
hopefully may
He said hopefully the success of the negotiation.
After the basketball the match, the chairman still has an important meeting.
After watching the basketball game, the chairman still has an important meeting to attend.
2. add an adjective or adverb
the context of the original verb in certain occasions to increase the appropriate adverb in order to exact expression of intention.
What a leader he was!
he is an outstanding leader.
of The crowds melted away.
crowd gradually dispersed.
As he sat down and began talking, the words poured out.
As he sat down and began talking, and talk for forever.
3. increase nouns
(1) behind in the intransitive increase some verbs term
English is sometimes used as a transitive verb, is sometimes used as intransitive when it is intransitive with the object actually is implicit in the verb, translated into when the Chinese often need it to be expressed. such as the To wash before the meal is “wash your hands before, if not translated to the implicit object” hand “translation” before meals, a wash, “meaning is not clear. Similarly, the < br />
and the To wash to wash after the getting up before going to bed also should be translated “after getting up face and feet before going to bed”.
Day after day he came to his work sweeping, scrubbing, cleaning
Every day he came to his work – sweeping, scrubbing and cleaning.
He never drinks before driving. < br />
he never drinks before driving.
Aunt of Harriet used to entertain lavishly.
Harriet aunt often entertain guests generously.
(2) increase the term
This typewriter is eggs from the refrigerator cheap and fine.
never drinks before the adjective.
A new kind of aircraft-small, cheap, pilotless-is attracting increasing attention.
a new Aunt Harriet unnoticed – this aircraft is less bulky and inexpensive, the unmanned
(3) increase in the abstract noun noun
some abstract nouns derived from the verb or adjective to translation, depending on the context followed by adding appropriate term, explain the specific, to make the translation more in line with the specification such as:
to innovate innovation – innovation innovations
to evolve evolution – evolution – solution to solve to solve to solve the method
to derive derivation – the derivation derivation
to persuade convince evolutionary process
– persuasion to convince
prepared to prepare – preparation ready to work
backward the backward state
– backwardness backward tense tension – tension tensions
arrogant complacency – arrogance complacent mood
mad madness – the madness madness
receptive hostile – the antagonism hostile attitude
redundant redundant – redundancy redundant information
After All preparations were made, our meeting will begin.
all preparations, the meeting began.
They wanted to ease the tension in the Middle East.
they attempt to ease tensions in the Middle East.
4. increase said Newsmen
Chinese plural inflections, in many cases do not have to be expressed, but to express the term refers to the most people, you can add “who” behind the term, such as “the teachers” teachers “, or plus in front of the term “you”, “(bit)”, such as ladies and gentlemen of the “ladies and gentlemen” of you (you). In addition, the English plural, Chinese translation also can under the circumstances, increase the overlap term, numeral or some other word to express, so do the Chinese translation is more fluent, more complete.
1. increase the overlapping words that plural
Flowers, Bloom all over the yard.
blossoming flowers covered the courtyard.
Newsmen went flying off to Mexico.
reporters have to fly to Mexico. < br />
There were rows of houses which he had never seen before.
rows of houses, he had never seen
2 increase numeral or other word plural
of The lion is the king of animals.
lion is the king of beasts.
We have to face different problems.
we have to face different problems.
Mr. Hobbs, did not talk over my suggestions with his brother until yesterday afternoon. < br />
until yesterday afternoon, Mr. Hobbs was with his brother discussed the recommendations.
5. increase the expression of the tense words
English verb tenses depend on the inflection of the verb word (such as write, wrote) or add an auxiliary verb (for example, will write, have written) to express the Chinese verb inflection, expression states rely on to increase Chinese-specific temporal particle or that word, such as: the translation is completed, often with “had” already “,” “,” “; translations tend to use” the “,” “,” “; translation of the future often “will,” “,” “would”, “will”, “should”, etc. In addition, in order to emphasize the contrast on the concept of time or stress, often need to add some other words.
(1) emphasize the concept of some kind of time, often to add some words.
Ihad known two great social systems.
that when before, I experienced two major social systems (here, in addition to the “” character, but also increased the time before, stressed that the action completed in the past.)
The old man had taught the boy to fish and the boy loved him.
The old man had taught the boy to fish, so the children love him.
(2) stressed In contrast, often need to add some words
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